What do anaerobes use oxygen for

Rowan, F. Desulfovibrio bacterial species are increased in ulcerative colitis. Johnson, M. Oxygen-dependent growth of the obligate anaerobe Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough.

Le Fourn, C. An oxygen reduction chain in the hyperthermophilic anaerobe Thermotoga maritima highlights horizontal gene transfer between Thermococcales and Thermotogales.

Thorgersen, M. Mechanism of oxygen detoxification by the surprisingly oxygen-tolerant hyperthermophilic archaeon, Pyrococcus furiosus. Strand, K. Oxidative stress protection and the repair response to hydrogen peroxide in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus and in related species. McCord, J. An enzyme-based theory of obligate anaerobiosis: the physiological function of superoxide dismutase. USA 68 , — Chance, B. Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs.

Jenney, F. Anaerobic microbes: oxygen detoxification without superoxide dismutase. Science , — Niviere, V. Discovery of superoxide reductase: an historical perspective. Degli Esposti, M. Oxygen reductases in alphaproteobacterial genomes: physiological evolution from low to high oxygen environments.

Weiss, M. The physiology and habitat of the last universal common ancestor. Morris, R. Shallow breathing: bacterial life at low O 2. Wildschut, J. Rubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase enhances survival of Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough under microaerophilic conditions. Victor, B. Dioxygen and nitric oxide pathways and affinity to the catalytic site of rubredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase from Desulfovibrio gigas. Sund, C. The Bacteroides fragilis transcriptome response to oxygen and H 2 O 2 : the role of OxyR and its effect on survival and virulence.

Meehan, B. Inactivation of a single gene enables microaerobic growth of the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis. Lu, Z. The fumarate reductase of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron , unlike that of Escherichia coli , is configured so that it does not generate reactive oxygen species.

Borisov, V. The cytochrome bd respiratory oxygen reductases. Acta , — Das, A. Cytochrome bd oxidase, oxidative stress, and dioxygen tolerance of the strictly anaerobic bacterium Moorella thermoacetica. Ligeza, A. Oxygen permeability of thylakoid membranes: electron paramagnetic resonance spin labeling study.

Wexler, H. Bacteroides : the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty. Poole, R. Respiratory protection of nitrogenase activity in Azotobacter vinelandii — roles of the terminal oxidases. Rakoff-Nahoum, S. The evolution of cooperation within the gut microbiota. Chen, L. A flavodiiron protein and high molecular weight rubredoxin from Moorella thermoacetica with nitric oxide reductase activity.

Biochemistry 42 , — Silva, G. Analysis of the Desulfovibrio gigas transcriptional unit containing rubredoxin rd and rubredoxin—oxygen oxidoreductase roo genes and upstream ORFs. Spellerberg, B. Pyruvate oxidase, as a determinant of virulence in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Seki, M. Hydrogen peroxide production in Streptococcus pyogenes : involvement of lactate oxidase and coupling with aerobic utilization of lactate. Baughn, A. The strict anaerobe Bacteroides fragilis grows in and benefits from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen. This paper demonstrates that the cytochrome bd oxidase of B. Kim, J. FEMS Microbiol. Thauer, R. Methyl alkyl -coenzyme M reductases: nickel Fcontaining enzymes involved in anaerobic methane formation and in anaerobic oxidation of methane or of short chain alkanes.

Biochemistry 58 , — Wagner, A. The free radical in pyruvate formate-lyase is located on glycine USA 89 , — Shibata, N.

Molecular architectures and functions of radical enzymes and their re activating proteins. Sawers, G. A glycyl radical solution: oxygen-dependent interconversion of pyruvate formate-lyase. Naqui, A. Reactive oxygen intermediates in biochemistry.

Knappe, J. Pyruvate formate-lyase mechanism involving the protein-based glycyl radical. Zhang, W. Inactivation of pyruvate formate-lyase by dioxygen: defining the mechanistic interplay of glycine and cysteine by rapid freeze-quench EPR. Biochemistry 40 , — This paper details how O 2 cleaves the PFL polypeptide. Imlay, J. The molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of oxidative stress: lessons from a model bacterium.

Gardner, P. Superoxide sensitivity of the Escherichia coli aconitase. Hausladen, A. Superoxide and peroxynitrite inactivate aconitases, but nitric oxide does not. Endogenous superoxide is a key effector of the oxygen sensitivity of a model obligate anaerobe.

USA , E—E Frey, M. Hydrogenases: hydrogen-activating enzymes. Chembiochem 3 , — Ragsdale, S. Pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase and its radical intermediate. Pandelia, M. Evolution and diversification of Group 1 [NiFe] hydrogenases. Is there a phylogenetic marker for O 2 -tolerance? Kubas, A.

Mechanism of O 2 diffusion and reduction in FeFe hydrogenases. This paper explores how molecular O 2 attacks iron - only hydrogenases.

Swanson, K. Stripp, S. How oxygen attacks [FeFe] hydrogenases from photosynthetic organisms. Hilton, M. The metabolism of pyrimidines by proteolytic Clostridia. Buckel, W. Enzyme catalyzed radical dehydrations of hydroxy acids. Inactivation-reactivation of aconitase in Escherichia coli. A sensitive measure of superoxide radical. Pan, N. How does oxygen inhibit central metabolism in the obligate anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

Khademian, M. Do reactive oxygen species or does oxygen itself confer obligate anaerobiosis? The case of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Reddy, S. Dioxygen inactivation of pyruvate formate-lyase: EPR evidence for the formation of protein-based sulfinyl and peroxyl radicals. Biochemistry 37 , — Vita, N.

Disulfide bond-dependent mechanism of protection against oxidative stress in pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase of anaerobic Desulfovibrio bacteria. Biochemistry 47 , — Pieulle, L. Hydrogen then reacts with oxygen gas on a palladium catalyst to produce more water, thereby removing oxygen gas. Key Takeaways. Key Points An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment. Normal microbial culturing occurs in an aerobic environment which poses a problem when culturing anaerobes; requiring one of a number of techniques to be used to keep oxygen out of the culturing setup.

Key Terms anaerobic : Without oxygen; especially of an environment or organism. Figure: Identity of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria : Aerobically different bacteria behave differently when grown in liquid culture: 1 Obligate aerobic bacteria gather at the top of the test tube in order to absorb maximal amount of oxygen.

They require oxygen, but at a lower concentration. Figure: Glovebox : Terra Universal Glovebox The GasPak System is an isolated container that achieves an anaerobic environment by the reaction of water with sodium borohydride and sodium bicarbonate tablets to produce hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide.

Provided by : Wikipedia. Cells from a broth culture grown at room temperature displayed the tumbling motility characteristic of Listeria Figure 6. Figure 6. An inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube shows dense growth at the surface and turbidity throughout the rest of the tube. What is your conclusion? An inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube is clear throughout the tube except for dense growth at the bottom of the tube.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. The bacterium is probably which of the following?

Streptococcus mutans is a major cause of cavities. It resides in the gum pockets, does not have catalase activity, and can be grown outside of an anaerobic chamber. Why do the instructions for the growth of Neisseria gonorrheae recommend a CO 2 -enriched atmosphere? Four tubes are illustrated with cultures grown in a medium that slows oxygen diffusion. Match the culture tube with the correct type of bacteria from the following list: facultative anaerobe, obligate anaerobe, microaerophile, aerotolerant anaerobe, obligate aerobe.

Skip to main content. Microbial Growth. Search for:. Oxygen Requirements for Microbial Growth Learning Objectives Interpret visual data demonstrating minimum, optimum, and maximum oxygen or carbon dioxide requirements for growth Identify and describe different categories of microbes with requirements for growth with or without oxygen: obligate aerobe, obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, aerotolerant anaerobe, microaerophile, and capnophile Give examples of microorganisms for each category of growth requirements.

Figure 2. Diagram of bacterial cell distribution in thioglycolate tubes. Think about It Would you expect the oldest bacterial lineages to be aerobic or anaerobic?

Which bacteria grow at the top of a thioglycolate tube, and which grow at the bottom of the tube? An Unwelcome Anaerobe Figure 4. Think about It What substance is added to a sample to detect catalase? What is the function of the candle in a candle jar? Key Concepts and Summary Aerobic and anaerobic environments can be found in diverse niches throughout nature, including different sites within and on the human body.

Microorganisms vary in their requirements for molecular oxygen. Obligate aerobes depend on aerobic respiration and use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor. They cannot grow without oxygen. Obligate anaerobes cannot grow in the presence of oxygen.

They depend on fermentation and anaerobic respiration using a final electron acceptor other than oxygen. Facultative anaerobes show better growth in the presence of oxygen but will also grow without it. Although aerotolerant anaerobes do not perform aerobic respiration, they can grow in the presence of oxygen.

Most aerotolerant anaerobes test negative for the enzyme catalase. Optimum oxygen concentration for an organism is the oxygen level that promotes the fastest growth rate. The minimum permissive oxygen concentration and the maximum permissive oxygen concentration are, respectively, the lowest and the highest oxygen levels that the organism will tolerate. Peroxidase , superoxide dismutase , and catalase are the main enzymes involved in the detoxification of the reactive oxygen species.

Superoxide dismutase is usually present in a cell that can tolerate oxygen. All three enzymes are usually detectable in cells that perform aerobic respiration and produce more ROS. A capnophile is an organism that requires a higher than atmospheric concentration of CO 2 to grow. Multiple Choice An inoculated thioglycolate medium culture tube shows dense growth at the surface and turbidity throughout the rest of the tube. The organisms die in the presence of oxygen The organisms are facultative anaerobes.

The organisms should be grown in an anaerobic chamber. The organisms are obligate aerobes. Show Answer Answer b. The organisms are facultative anaerobes. Show Answer Answer a. The organisms are obligate anaerobes. The bacterium is probably an obligate aerobe. Show Answer Answer d.

The bacterium is probably an aerotolerant anaerobe. Show Answer Answer c. It is a capnophile. Matching Four tubes are illustrated with cultures grown in a medium that slows oxygen diffusion. Show Answer Tube a is an obligate anaerobe. Tube b is an obligate aerobe. Tube c is a microaerophile. Tube d is a facultative anaerobe.